Convert Singly Linked List to XOR Linked List
Prerequisite:
- XOR Linked List – A Memory Efficient Doubly Linked List | Set 1
- XOR Linked List – A Memory Efficient Doubly Linked List | Set 2
An XOR linked list is a memory efficient doubly linked list in which the next pointer of every node stores the XOR of previous and next node’s address.
Given a singly linked list, the task is to convert the given singly list to a XOR linked list.
Approach: Since in XOR linked list each next pointer stores the XOR of prev and next nodes’s address. So the idea is to traverse the given singly linked list and keep track of the previous node in a pointer say prev.
Now, while traversing the list, change the next pointer of every node as:
Printing the XOR linked list:
While printing XOR linked list we have to find the exact address of the next node every time. As we have seen above that the next pointer of every node stores the XOR value of prev and next node’s address. Therefore, the next node’s address can be obtained by finding XOR of prev and next pointer of current node in the XOR linked list.
So, to print the XOR linked list, traverse it by maintaining a prev pointer which stores the address of the previous node and to find the next node, calculate XOR of prev with next of current node.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
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// C++ program to Convert a Singly Linked
// List to XOR Linked List
#include
using namespace std;
// Linked List node
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};
// Utility function to create new node
Node* newNode[int data]
{
Node* temp = new Node;
temp->data = data;
temp->next = NULL;
return temp;
}
// Print singly linked list before conversion
void print[Node* head]
{
while [head] {
// print current node
cout data next;
}
cout next;
while [curr] {
// store curr->next in next
next = curr->next;
// change curr->next to XOR of prev and next
curr->next = XOR[prev, next];
// prev will change to curr for next iteration
prev = curr;
// curr is now pointing to next for next iteration
curr = next;
}
}
// Function to print XORed liked list
void printXOR[Node* head]
{
Node* curr = head;
Node* prev = NULL;
while [curr] {
// print current node
cout data next as
it is previously set as prev^curr->next so
this time curr would be prev^prev^curr->next
which is curr->next */
curr = XOR[prev, curr->next];
prev = temp;
}
cout 2->3->4
Node* head = newNode[1];
head->next = newNode[2];
head->next->next = newNode[3];
head->next->next->next = newNode[4];
cout next so
this time curr would be prev^prev^curr->next
which is curr->next */
curr = XOR[prev, curr.next];
prev = temp;
}
System.out.println[];
}
// Driver Code
public static void main [String[] args]
{
// Create following singly linked list
// 1->2->3->4
GFG tree = new GFG[];
tree.root = new Node[1];
tree.root.next = new Node[2];
tree.root.next.next = new Node[3];
tree.root.next.next.next = new Node[4];
System.out.println["Before Conversion : "];
print[root];
convert[root];
System.out.println["After Conversion : "];
printXOR[root];
}
}
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155
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# Python3 program to Convert a Singly Linked
# List to XOR Linked List
# Linked List node
class Node:
def __init__[self,d]:
self.data = d
self.next = None
# Print singly linked list before conversion
def printt[head]:
while [head]:
# print current node
print[head.data, end=" "]
head = head.next
print[]
# Function to find XORed value of
# the node addresses
def XOR[a, b]:
return b
# Function to convert singly linked
# list to XOR linked list
def convert[head]:
curr = head
prev = None
next = curr.next
while [curr]:
# store curr.next in next
next = curr.next
# change curr.next to XOR of prev and next
curr.next = XOR[prev, next]
# prev will change to curr for next iteration
prev = curr
# curr is now pointing to next for next iteration
curr = next
# Function to print XORed liked list
def printXOR[head]:
curr = head
prev = None
while [curr]:
# print current node
print[curr.data, end=" "]
temp = curr
# /* compute curr as prev^curr.next as
# it is previously set as prev^curr.next so
# this time curr would be prev^prev^curr.next
# which is curr.next */
curr = XOR[prev, curr.next]
prev = temp
print[]
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Create following singly linked list
# 1.2.3.4
head = Node[1]
head.next = Node[2]
head.next.next = Node[3]
head.next.next.next = Node[4]
print["Before Conversion : "]
printt[head]
convert[head]
print["After Conversion : "]
printXOR[head]
# This code is contributed by mohitkumar29
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using System;
class Node
{
public int data;
public Node next;
// Utility function to create new node
public Node[int item]
{
data = item;
next = null;
}
}
public class GFG
{
static Node root;
// Print singly linked list before conversion
static void print[Node head]
{
while [head != null]
{
// print current node
Console.Write[head.data + " "];
head = head.next;
}
Console.WriteLine[];
}
// Function to find XORed value of
// the node addresses
static Node XOR[Node a, Node b]
{
return b;
}
// Function to convert singly linked
// list to XOR linked list
static void convert[Node head]
{
Node curr = head;
Node prev = null;
Node next = curr.next;
while[curr != null]
{
// store curr->next in next
next = curr.next;
// change curr->next to XOR of prev and next
curr.next = XOR[prev, next];
// prev will change to curr for next iteration
prev = curr;
// curr is now pointing to next for next iteration
curr = next;
}
}
// Function to print XORed liked list
static void printXOR[Node head]
{
Node curr = head;
Node prev = null;
while[curr != null]
{
// print current node
Console.Write[curr.data + " "];
Node temp = curr;
/* compute curr as prev^curr->next as
it is previously set as prev^curr->next so
this time curr would be prev^prev^curr->next
which is curr->next */
curr = XOR[prev, curr.next];
prev = temp;
}
Console.WriteLine[];
}
// Driver Code
static public void Main []
{
// Create following singly linked list
// 1->2->3->4
GFG.root = new Node[1];
GFG.root.next = new Node[2];
GFG.root.next.next = new Node[3];
GFG.root.next.next.next = new Node[4];
Console.WriteLine["Before Conversion : "];
print[root];
convert[root];
Console.WriteLine["After Conversion : "];
printXOR[root];
}
}
// This code is contributed by rag2127
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// javascript program to Convert a Singly Linked
// List to XOR Linked List// Linked List node
class Node {
// Utility function to create new node
constructor[val] {
this.data = val;
this.next = null;
}
}
var root;
// Print singly linked list before conversion
function print[ head] {
while [head != null] {
// print current node
document.write[head.data + " "];
head = head.next;
}
document.write["
"];
}
// Function to find XORed value of
// the node addresses
function XOR[ a, b] {
return b;
}
// Function to convert singly linked
// list to XOR linked list
function convert[ head] {
var curr = head;
var prev = null;
var next = curr.next;
while [curr != null] {
// store curr->next in next
next = curr.next;
// change curr->next to XOR of prev and next
curr.next = XOR[prev, next];
// prev will change to curr for next iteration
prev = curr;
// curr is now pointing to next for next iteration
curr = next;
}
}
// Function to print XORed liked list
function printXOR[ head] {
var curr = head;
var prev = null;
while [curr != null] {
// print current node
document.write[curr.data + " "];
var temp = curr;
/*
* compute curr as prev^curr->next as it is previously set as prev^curr->next so
* this time curr would be prev^prev^curr->next which is curr->next
*/
curr = XOR[prev, curr.next];
prev = temp;
}
document.write[];
}
// Driver Code
// Create following singly linked list
// 1->2->3->4
root = new Node[1];
root.next = new Node[2];
root.next.next = new Node[3];
root.next.next.next = new Node[4];
document.write["Before Conversion :
"];
print[root];
convert[root];
document.write["After Conversion :
"];
printXOR[root];
// This code contributed by gauravrajput1
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Doubly Linked List | Set 1 [Introduction and Insertion]
We strongly recommend to refer following post as a prerequisite of this post.
Linked List Introduction
Inserting a node in Singly Linked List
A Doubly Linked List [DLL] contains an extra pointer, typically called previous pointer, together with next pointer and data which are there in singly linked list.
Following is representation of a DLL node in C language.
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/* Node of a doubly linked list */
class Node
{
public:
int data;
Node* next; // Pointer to next node in DLL
Node* prev; // Pointer to previous node in DLL
};
// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110
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/* Node of a doubly linked list */
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next; // Pointer to next node in DLL
struct Node* prev; // Pointer to previous node in DLL
};
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// Class for Doubly Linked List
public class DLL {
Node head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node*/
class Node {
int data;
Node prev;
Node next;
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
Node[int d] { data = d; }
}
}
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# Node of a doubly linked list
class Node:
def __init__[self, next=None, prev=None, data=None]:
self.next = next # reference to next node in DLL
self.prev = prev # reference to previous node in DLL
self.data = data
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// Class for Doubly Linked List
public class DLL {
Node head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node*/
public class Node {
public int data;
public Node prev;
public Node next;
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
Node[int d] { data = d; }
}
}
// This code contributed by gauravrajput1
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// Class for Doubly Linked List
var head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node */
class Node {
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
constructor[val] {
this.data = val;
this.prev = null;
this.next = null;
}
}
// This code contributed by gauravrajput1
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Following are advantages/disadvantages of doubly linked list over singly linked list.
Advantages over singly linked list
1] A DLL can be traversed in both forward and backward direction.
2] The delete operation in DLL is more efficient if pointer to the node to be deleted is given.
3] We can quickly insert a new node before a given node.
In singly linked list, to delete a node, pointer to the previous node is needed. To get this previous node, sometimes the list is traversed. In DLL, we can get the previous node using previous pointer.
Disadvantages over singly linked list
1] Every node of DLL Require extra space for an previous pointer. It is possible to implement DLL with single pointer though [See this and this].
2] All operations require an extra pointer previous to be maintained. For example, in insertion, we need to modify previous pointers together with next pointers. For example in following functions for insertions at different positions, we need 1 or 2 extra steps to set previous pointer.
Insertion
A node can be added in four ways
1] At the front of the DLL
2] After a given node.
3] At the end of the DLL
4] Before a given node.
1] Add a node at the front: [A 5 steps process]
The new node is always added before the head of the given Linked List. And newly added node becomes the new head of DLL. For example if the given Linked List is 10152025 and we add an item 5 at the front, then the Linked List becomes 510152025. Let us call the function that adds at the front of the list is push[]. The push[] must receive a pointer to the head pointer, because push must change the head pointer to point to the new node [See this]
Following are the 5 steps to add node at the front.
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/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer]
to the head of a list
and an int, inserts a new node on the
front of the list. */
void push[Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
Node* new_node = new Node[];
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. Make next of new node as head
and previous as NULL */
new_node->next = [*head_ref];
new_node->prev = NULL;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [[*head_ref] != NULL]
[*head_ref]->prev = new_node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
[*head_ref] = new_node;
}
// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110
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/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer] to the head of a list
and an int, inserts a new node on the front of the list. */
void push[struct Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
struct Node* new_node = [struct Node*]malloc[sizeof[struct Node]];
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_node->next = [*head_ref];
new_node->prev = NULL;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [[*head_ref] != NULL]
[*head_ref]->prev = new_node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
[*head_ref] = new_node;
}
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// Adding a node at the front of the list
public void push[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
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# Adding a node at the front of the list
def push[self, new_data]:
# 1 & 2: Allocate the Node & Put in the data
new_node = Node[data = new_data]
# 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL
new_node.next = self.head
new_node.prev = None
# 4. change prev of head node to new node
if self.head is not None:
self.head.prev = new_node
# 5. move the head to point to the new node
self.head = new_node
# This code is contributed by jatinreaper
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// Adding a node at the front of the list
public void push[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
// This code is contributed by aashish2995
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// Adding a node at the front of the list
function push[new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
let new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
// This code is contributed by saurabh_jaiswal.
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Four steps of the above five steps are same as the 4 steps used for inserting at the front in singly linked list. The only extra step is to change previous of head.
2] Add a node after a given node.: [A 7 steps process]
We are given pointer to a node as prev_node, and the new node is inserted after the given node.
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/* Given a node as prev_node, insert
a new node after the given node */
void insertAfter[Node* prev_node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_node == NULL]
{
coutnext = prev_node->next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_node->next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node->prev = prev_node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node->next != NULL]
new_node->next->prev = new_node;
}
// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110.
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/* Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after the given node */
void insertAfter[struct Node* prev_node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_node == NULL] {
printf["the given previous node cannot be NULL"];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate new node */
struct Node* new_node = [struct Node*]malloc[sizeof[struct Node]];
/* 3. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node->next = prev_node->next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_node->next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node->prev = prev_node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node->next != NULL]
new_node->next->prev = new_node;
}
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/* Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after the given node */
public void InsertAfter[Node prev_Node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null] {
System.out.println["The given previous node cannot be NULL "];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate node
* 3. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
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# Given a node as prev_node, insert
# a new node after the given node
def insertAfter[self, prev_node, new_data]:
# 1. check if the given prev_node is NULL
if prev_node is None:
print["This node doesn't exist in DLL"]
return
#2. allocate node & 3. put in the data
new_node = Node[data = new_data]
# 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node
new_node.next = prev_node.next
# 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node
prev_node.next = new_node
# 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node
new_node.prev = prev_node
# 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if new_node.next is not None:
new_node.next.prev = new_node
# This code is contributed by jatinreaper
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/* Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after the given node */
public void InsertAfter[Node prev_Node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null] {
Console.WriteLine["The given previous node cannot be NULL "];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate node
* 3. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
// This code is contributed by aashish2995
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function InsertAfter[prev_Node,new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null] {
document.write["The given previous node cannot be NULL
"];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate node
* 3. put in the data */
let new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
// This code is contributed by unknown2108
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Five of the above steps step process are same as the 5 steps used for inserting after a given node in singly linked list. The two extra steps are needed to change previous pointer of new node and previous pointer of new node’s next node.
3] Add a node at the end: [7 steps process]
The new node is always added after the last node of the given Linked List. For example if the given DLL is 510152025 and we add an item 30 at the end, then the DLL becomes 51015202530.
Since a Linked List is typically represented by the head of it, we have to traverse the list till end and then change the next of last node to new node.
Following are the 7 steps to add node at the end.
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/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer] to the head
of a DLL and an int, appends a new node at the end */
void append[Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
Node* new_node = new Node[];
Node* last = *head_ref; /* used in step 5*/
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
make next of it as NULL*/
new_node->next = NULL;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
node as head */
if [*head_ref == NULL]
{
new_node->prev = NULL;
*head_ref = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last->next != NULL]
last = last->next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last->next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node->prev = last;
return;
}
// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110
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/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer] to the head
of a DLL and an int, appends a new node at the end */
void append[struct Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
struct Node* new_node = [struct Node*]malloc[sizeof[struct Node]];
struct Node* last = *head_ref; /* used in step 5*/
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
make next of it as NULL*/
new_node->next = NULL;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
node as head */
if [*head_ref == NULL] {
new_node->prev = NULL;
*head_ref = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last->next != NULL]
last = last->next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last->next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node->prev = last;
return;
}
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// Add a node at the end of the list
void append[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
Node last = head; /* used in step 5*/
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
* make next of it as NULL*/
new_node.next = null;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
* node as head */
if [head == null] {
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
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# Add a node at the end of the DLL
def append[self, new_data]:
# 1. allocate node 2. put in the data
new_node = Node[data = new_data]
last = self.head
# 3. This new node is going to be the
# last node, so make next of it as NULL
new_node.next = None
# 4. If the Linked List is empty, then
# make the new node as head
if self.head is None:
new_node.prev = None
self.head = new_node
return
# 5. Else traverse till the last node
while [last.next is not None]:
last = last.next
# 6. Change the next of last node
last.next = new_node
# 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last
# This code is contributed by jatinreaper
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// Add a node at the end of the list
void append[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
Node last = head; /* used in step 5*/
/* 3. This new node is going
to be the last node, so
* make next of it as NULL*/
new_node.next = null;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty,
then make the new * node as head */
if [head == null]
{
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
// This code is contributed by shivanisinghss2110
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// Add a node at the end of the list
function append[new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
var new_node = new Node[new_data];
var last = head; /* used in step 5*/
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
* make next of it as NULL*/
new_node.next = null;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
* node as head */
if [head == null] {
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji
|
Six of the above 7 steps are same as the 6 steps used for inserting after a given node in singly linked list. The one extra step is needed to change previous pointer of new node.
4] Add a node before a given node:
Steps
Let the pointer to this given node be next_node and the data of the new node to be added as new_data.
- Check if the next_node is NULL or not. If it’s NULL, return from the function because any new node can not be added before a NULL
- Allocate memory for the new node, let it be called new_node
- Set new_node->data = new_data
- Set the previous pointer of this new_node as the previous node of the next_node, new_node->prev = next_node->prev
- Set the previous pointer of the next_node as the new_node, next_node->prev = new_node
- Set the next pointer of this new_node as the next_node, new_node->next = next_node;
- If the previous node of the new_node is not NULL, then set the next pointer of this previous node as new_node, new_node->prev->next = new_node
- Else, if the prev of new_node is NULL, it will be the new head node. So, make [*head_ref] = new_node.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
Code block
Output:
Created DLL is:
Traversal in forward Direction
9 1 5 7 6
Traversal in reverse direction
6 7 5 1 9
A complete working program to test above functions.
Following is complete program to test above functions.
|
// A complete working C++ program to
// demonstrate all insertion methods
#include
using namespace std;
// A linked list node
class Node
{
public:
int data;
Node* next;
Node* prev;
};
/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer]
to the head of a list
and an int, inserts a new node on the
front of the list. */
void push[Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
Node* new_node = new Node[];
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. Make next of new node as head
and previous as NULL */
new_node->next = [*head_ref];
new_node->prev = NULL;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [[*head_ref] != NULL]
[*head_ref]->prev = new_node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
[*head_ref] = new_node;
}
/* Given a node as prev_node, insert
a new node after the given node */
void insertAfter[Node* prev_node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_node == NULL]
{
coutnext = prev_node->next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_node->next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node->prev = prev_node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node->next != NULL]
new_node->next->prev = new_node;
}
/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer] to the head
of a DLL and an int, appends a new node at the end */
void append[Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
Node* new_node = new Node[];
Node* last = *head_ref; /* used in step 5*/
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
make next of it as NULL*/
new_node->next = NULL;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
node as head */
if [*head_ref == NULL]
{
new_node->prev = NULL;
*head_ref = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last->next != NULL]
last = last->next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last->next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node->prev = last;
return;
}
// This function prints contents of
// linked list starting from the given node
void printList[Node* node]
{
Node* last;
cout8->6->4->NULL
insertAfter[head->next, 8];
cout data = new_data;
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL
*/
new_node->next = [*head_ref];
new_node->prev = NULL;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [[*head_ref] != NULL]
[*head_ref]->prev = new_node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
[*head_ref] = new_node;
}
/* Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after the
* given node */
void insertAfter[struct Node* prev_node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_node == NULL] {
printf["the given previous node cannot be NULL"];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate new node */
struct Node* new_node
= [struct Node*]malloc[sizeof[struct Node]];
/* 3. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node->next = prev_node->next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_node->next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node->prev = prev_node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node->next != NULL]
new_node->next->prev = new_node;
}
/* Given a reference [pointer to pointer] to the head
of a DLL and an int, appends a new node at the end */
void append[struct Node** head_ref, int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node */
struct Node* new_node
= [struct Node*]malloc[sizeof[struct Node]];
struct Node* last = *head_ref; /* used in step 5*/
/* 2. put in the data */
new_node->data = new_data;
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
make next of it as NULL*/
new_node->next = NULL;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
node as head */
if [*head_ref == NULL] {
new_node->prev = NULL;
*head_ref = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last->next != NULL]
last = last->next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last->next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node->prev = last;
return;
}
// This function prints contents of linked list starting
// from the given node
void printList[struct Node* node]
{
struct Node* last;
printf["\nTraversal in forward direction \n"];
while [node != NULL] {
printf[" %d ", node->data];
last = node;
node = node->next;
}
printf["\nTraversal in reverse direction \n"];
while [last != NULL] {
printf[" %d ", last->data];
last = last->prev;
}
}
/* Driver program to test above functions*/
int main[]
{
/* Start with the empty list */
struct Node* head = NULL;
// Insert 6. So linked list becomes 6->NULL
append[&head, 6];
// Insert 7 at the beginning. So linked list becomes
// 7->6->NULL
push[&head, 7];
// Insert 1 at the beginning. So linked list becomes
// 1->7->6->NULL
push[&head, 1];
// Insert 4 at the end. So linked list becomes
// 1->7->6->4->NULL
append[&head, 4];
// Insert 8, after 7. So linked list becomes
// 1->7->8->6->4->NULL
insertAfter[head->next, 8];
printf["Created DLL is: "];
printList[head];
getchar[];
return 0;
}
|
|
// A complete working Java program to demonstrate all
// Class for Doubly Linked List
public class DLL {
Node head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node*/
class Node {
int data;
Node prev;
Node next;
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
Node[int d] { data = d; }
}
// Adding a node at the front of the list
public void push[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
// Add a node before the given node
public void InsertBefore[Node next_node, int new_data]
{
/*Check if the given nx_node is NULL*/
if[next_node == null]
{
System.out.println["The given next node can not be NULL"];
return;
}
//Allocate node, put in the data
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
//Making prev of new node as prev of next node
new_node.prev = next_node.prev;
//Making prev of next node as new node
next_node.prev = new_node;
//Making next of new node as next node
new_node.next = next_node;
//Check if new node is added as head
if[new_node.prev != null]
new_node.prev.next = new_node;
else
head = new_node;
}
/* Given a node as prev_node, insert
a new node after the given node */
public void InsertAfter[Node prev_Node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null] {
System.out.println["The given previous node cannot be NULL "];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate node
* 3. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
// Add a node at the end of the list
void append[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
Node last = head; /* used in step 5*/
/* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so
* make next of it as NULL*/
new_node.next = null;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new
* node as head */
if [head == null] {
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
// This function prints contents of
// linked list starting from the given node
public void printlist[Node node]
{
Node last = null;
System.out.println["Traversal in forward Direction"];
while [node != null] {
System.out.print[node.data + " "];
last = node;
node = node.next;
}
System.out.println[];
System.out.println["Traversal in reverse direction"];
while [last != null] {
System.out.print[last.data + " "];
last = last.prev;
}
}
/* Driver program to test above functions*/
public static void main[String[] args]
{
/* Start with the empty list */
DLL dll = new DLL[];
// Insert 6. So linked list becomes 6->NULL
dll.append[6];
// Insert 7 at the beginning. So
// linked list becomes 7->6->NULL
dll.push[7];
// Insert 1 at the beginning. So
// linked list becomes 1->7->6->NULL
dll.push[1];
// Insert 4 at the end. So linked
// list becomes 1->7->6->4->NULL
dll.append[4];
// Insert 8, after 7. So linked
// list becomes 1->7->8->6->4->NULL
dll.InsertAfter[dll.head.next, 8];
// Insert 5, before 8.So linked
// list becomes 1->7->5->8->6->4
dll.InsertBefore[dll.head.next.next, 5];
System.out.println["Created DLL is: "];
dll.printlist[dll.head];
}
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh
|
|
# A complete working Python
# program to demonstrate all
# insertion methods
# A linked list node
class Node:
# Constructor to create a new node
def __init__[self, data]:
self.data = data
self.next = None
self.prev = None
# Class to create a Doubly Linked List
class DoublyLinkedList:
# Constructor for empty Doubly Linked List
def __init__[self]:
self.head = None
# Given a reference to the head of a list and an
# integer, inserts a new node on the front of list
def push[self, new_data]:
# 1. Allocates node
# 2. Put the data in it
new_node = Node[new_data]
# 3. Make next of new node as head and
# previous as None [already None]
new_node.next = self.head
# 4. change prev of head node to new_node
if self.head is not None:
self.head.prev = new_node
# 5. move the head to point to the new node
self.head = new_node
# Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after
# the given node
def insertAfter[self, prev_node, new_data]:
# 1. Check if the given prev_node is None
if prev_node is None:
print["the given previous node cannot be NULL"]
return
# 2. allocate new node
# 3. put in the data
new_node = Node[new_data]
# 4. Make net of new node as next of prev node
new_node.next = prev_node.next
# 5. Make prev_node as previous of new_node
prev_node.next = new_node
# 6. Make prev_node ass previous of new_node
new_node.prev = prev_node
# 7. Change previous of new_nodes's next node
if new_node.next:
new_node.next.prev = new_node
# Given a reference to the head of DLL and integer,
# appends a new node at the end
def append[self, new_data]:
# 1. Allocates node
# 2. Put in the data
new_node = Node[new_data]
# 3. This new node is going to be the last node,
# so make next of it as None
# [It already is initialized as None]
# 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the
# new node as head
if self.head is None:
self.head = new_node
return
# 5. Else traverse till the last node
last = self.head
while last.next:
last = last.next
# 6. Change the next of last node
last.next = new_node
# 7. Make last node as previous of new node
new_node.prev = last
return
# This function prints contents of linked list
# starting from the given node
def printList[self, node]:
print["\nTraversal in forward direction"]
while node:
print[" {}".format[node.data]]
last = node
node = node.next
print["\nTraversal in reverse direction"]
while last:
print[" {}".format[last.data]]
last = last.prev
# Driver program to test above functions
# Start with empty list
llist = DoublyLinkedList[]
# Insert 6. So the list becomes 6->None
llist.append[6]
# Insert 7 at the beginning.
# So linked list becomes 7->6->None
llist.push[7]
# Insert 1 at the beginning.
# So linked list becomes 1->7->6->None
llist.push[1]
# Insert 4 at the end.
# So linked list becomes 1->7->6->4->None
llist.append[4]
# Insert 8, after 7.
# So linked list becomes 1->7->8->6->4->None
llist.insertAfter[llist.head.next, 8]
print ["Created DLL is: "]
llist.printList[llist.head]
# This code is contributed by Nikhil Kumar Singh[nickzuck_007]
|
|
// A complete working C# program to demonstrate all
using System;
// Class for Doubly Linked List
public class DLL
{
Node head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node*/
public class Node
{
public int data;
public Node prev;
public Node next;
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
public Node[int d]
{
data = d;
}
}
// Adding a node at the front of the list
public void push[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as
head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
/* Given a node as prev_node, insert
a new node after the given node */
public void InsertAfter[Node prev_Node, int new_data]
{
/*1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null]
{
Console.WriteLine["The given previous node cannot be NULL "];
return;
}
/* 2. allocate node
* 3. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
// Add a node at the end of the list
void append[int new_data]
{
/* 1. allocate node
* 2. put in the data */
Node new_node = new Node[new_data];
Node last = head; /* used in step 5*/
/* 3. This new node is going
to be the last node, so
* make next of it as NULL*/
new_node.next = null;
/* 4. If the Linked List is empty,
then make the new * node as head */
if [head == null]
{
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
// This function prints contents of
// linked list starting from the given node
public void printlist[Node node]
{
Node last = null;
Console.WriteLine["Traversal in forward Direction"];
while [node != null] {
Console.Write[node.data + " "];
last = node;
node = node.next;
}
Console.WriteLine[];
Console.WriteLine["Traversal in reverse direction"];
while [last != null] {
Console.Write[last.data + " "];
last = last.prev;
}
}
/* Driver code*/
public static void Main[String[] args]
{
/* Start with the empty list */
DLL dll = new DLL[];
// Insert 6. So linked list becomes 6->NULL
dll.append[6];
// Insert 7 at the beginning.
// So linked list becomes 7->6->NULL
dll.push[7];
// Insert 1 at the beginning.
// So linked list becomes 1->7->6->NULL
dll.push[1];
// Insert 4 at the end. So linked list
// becomes 1->7->6->4->NULL
dll.append[4];
// Insert 8, after 7. So linked list
// becomes 1->7->8->6->4->NULL
dll.InsertAfter[dll.head.next, 8];
Console.WriteLine["Created DLL is: "];
dll.printlist[dll.head];
}
}
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar
|
|
// A complete working javascript program to demonstrate all
// Class for Doubly Linked List
var head; // head of list
/* Doubly Linked list Node */
class Node {
// Constructor to create a new node
// next and prev is by default initialized as null
constructor[d] {
this.data = d;
this.next = null;
this.prev = null;
}
}
// Adding a node at the front of the list
function push[new_data] {
/*
* 1. allocate node 2. put in the data
*/
var new_Node = new Node[new_data];
/* 3. Make next of new node as head and previous as NULL */
new_Node.next = head;
new_Node.prev = null;
/* 4. change prev of head node to new node */
if [head != null]
head.prev = new_Node;
/* 5. move the head to point to the new node */
head = new_Node;
}
// Add a node before the given node
function InsertBefore[next_node , new_data] {
/* Check if the given nx_node is NULL */
if [next_node == null] {
document.write["The given next node can not be NULL"];
return;
}
// Allocate node, put in the data
var new_node = new Node[new_data];
// Making prev of new node as prev of next node
new_node.prev = next_node.prev;
// Making prev of next node as new node
next_node.prev = new_node;
// Making next of new node as next node
new_node.next = next_node;
// Check if new node is added as head
if [new_node.prev != null]
new_node.prev.next = new_node;
else
head = new_node;
}
/*
* Given a node as prev_node, insert a new node after the given node
*/
function InsertAfter[prev_Node , new_data] {
/* 1. check if the given prev_node is NULL */
if [prev_Node == null] {
document.write["The given previous node cannot be NULL "];
return;
}
/*
* 2. allocate node 3. put in the data
*/
var new_node = new Node[new_data];
/* 4. Make next of new node as next of prev_node */
new_node.next = prev_Node.next;
/* 5. Make the next of prev_node as new_node */
prev_Node.next = new_node;
/* 6. Make prev_node as previous of new_node */
new_node.prev = prev_Node;
/* 7. Change previous of new_node's next node */
if [new_node.next != null]
new_node.next.prev = new_node;
}
// Add a node at the end of the list
function append[new_data] {
/*
* 1. allocate node 2. put in the data
*/
var new_node = new Node[new_data];
var last = head; /* used in step 5 */
/*
* 3. This new node is going to be the last node, so make next of it as NULL
*/
new_node.next = null;
/*
* 4. If the Linked List is empty, then make the new node as head
*/
if [head == null] {
new_node.prev = null;
head = new_node;
return;
}
/* 5. Else traverse till the last node */
while [last.next != null]
last = last.next;
/* 6. Change the next of last node */
last.next = new_node;
/* 7. Make last node as previous of new node */
new_node.prev = last;
}
// This function prints contents of
// linked list starting from the given node
function printlist[node] {
var last = null;
document.write["
Traversal in forward Direction "];
while [node != null] {
document.write[node.data + " "];
last = node;
node = node.next;
}
document.write[];
document.write["
Traversal in reverse direction "];
while [last != null] {
document.write[last.data + " "];
last = last.prev;
}
}
/* Driver program to test above functions */
/* Start with the empty list */
// Insert 6. So linked list becomes 6->NULL
append[6];
// Insert 7 at the beginning. So
// linked list becomes 7->6->NULL
push[7];
// Insert 1 at the beginning. So
// linked list becomes 1->7->6->NULL
push[1];
// Insert 4 at the end. So linked
// list becomes 1->7->6->4->NULL
append[4];
// Insert 8, after 7. So linked
// list becomes 1->7->8->6->4->NULL
InsertAfter[head.next, 8];
// Insert 5, before 8.So linked
// list becomes 1->7->5->8->6->4
InsertBefore[head.next.next, 5];
document.write["Created DLL is:
"];
printlist[head];
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji
|
Output:
Created DLL is: Traversal in forward Direction 1 7 5 8 6 4 Traversal in reverse direction 4 6 8 5 7 1Also see: Delete a node in double Link List
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
How to create a doubly linked list in Python
Before we get into doubly linked lists, let’s discuss some basics.
First, let’s discuss what an array is. An array, is a collection of elements of the same data type that are present in adjacent memory locations. We can also say that elements in an array are contiguous.
A list a collection of elements of different data types that are not contiguous.
Note: The elements can be in different memory locations, but the references for these elements are stored in contiguous memory locations.
Think about an array as a collection of all the buildings on a given street or a collection of all fish in a fish tank. Whereas, a list can be thought about as a collection containing the Taj Mahal, Pacific Ocean, Bill Gates, and a football.
How to Convert singly linked list into circular linked list in Python
In this tutorial, we shall convert a singly linked list into circular linked list in Python. A Linked List is a linear data structure where the elements are linked using pointers. A circular Linked List is obtained from a singly linked list as follows.
How can we convert singly linked list into doubly linked list?
In order to convert it to doubly linked list, you have to first add to the node the feature to point to previous node as well.
- struct node.
- {
- int x;
- struct node *next;
- struct node *prev;
- };
How we can convert this singly linked list into a circular linked list?
To convert a singly linked list to circular linked list, we will set next pointer of tail node to head pointer.
- Create a copy of head pointer, let’s say “temp”.
- Using a loop, traverse linked list till tail node[last node] using temp pointer.
- Now set the next pointer of tail node to head node. [temp->next = head;]