Oceans Chapters 1-6
If a[n] _______ is supported consistently, it may be advanced to the level of a theory.
The major changes in the state of the universe that occurred immediately after the Big Bang were in ______ and ______.
Approximately ______ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe.
A galaxy is composed of clumps of ______.
The Milky Way is a[n] composed of about 200 billion stars.
If a hypothesis is supported consistently by different observations or experiments, it may be advanced to the level of a[n] .
A rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust is referred to as a ______.
The Big Bang is the currently accepted theory about the origin of the ______.
The most probable [original] sources of the water in Earth's ocean are ______. [Mark all that apply.]
- the Earth's mantle, some of which is brought to the surface through volcanic activity- continual addition of water from outer space
Approximately 13.8 years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe.
The evolution of photosynthetic organisms on the early Earth resulted in an increase in the levels of the gas in its free or "pure" form.
A[n] is composed of clumps of stars, and one example is the Milky Way.
Which of the following is the scientifically accepted age of Earth?
The Milky Way is our ______.
The origin of our solar system is attributed to the collapse of a single, rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust known as a[n] .
Which of the following time periods is based upon the lunar cycle?
Two potential sources of the on Earth include the mantle and continual addition from outer space by icy comets.
If Earth's axis were not tilted, what would happen to the seasons?
There would be no perceived seasons on Earth and global day lengths and temperatures would uniform.
The most important gaseous element to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, which had to await the evolution of photosynthesis in order to exceed its loss to space, is ______.
The Sun is directly over the two tropics, Cancer and Capricorn, at two times during the solar year. These two dates are called ______.
The most widely accepted age of Earth is between 4.5 and 4.6 years.
Which of the following of Earth's radii is greater?
The equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius.
The four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic, collectively make up what scientists refer to as ______ time.
To determine , you would need to know the angle your location [line] makes with the equatorial plane at Earth's center.
The two natural periods of time caused by the movement of Earth are the and the .
Latitude can be calculated by measuring ___.
your angle in reference to the bright star, Polaris
Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees as it orbits the Sun is responsible for the , which occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at opposite times of the solar year. [Hint: The answer is just one word.]
It is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's longitude line because ____.
the longitude line rotates with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours
GPS [Global Positioning System] navigation is widely used because ______.
it is worldwide now and extremely accurate
What is the primary force that causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius?
The force of rotation causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius.
Because Earth's mean surface temperature is about 61�F, naturally exists in all three states.
Lines of latitude, also known as , are referenced to the equator.
Old maps are accurate in their north and south depictions of Earth's surface, but many are badly distorted by their east and west dimensions of geographic forms. This is because ____.
sailors have been able to calculate latitude since ancient times
The hydrologic cycle involves ______.
a constant movement of water into and out of reservoirs
Because the lines rotate with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours, it is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's line.
The length of time that a given water molecule spends in any one of Earth's water reservoirs is called its .
Most of the world's landmasses are located in the ______ Hemisphere.
The three states of water, , , and . are possible on Earth's surface because Earth's mean surface temperature is about 61�F.
Rank the five parts of the world's oceans from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.
- Pacific- Atlantic- Indian- Southern
- Arctic
The hypsographic curve compares which of the following?
Land and water elevation relationships
The image depicts the cycle.
Residence time is the average length of time that ____.
a water molecule spends in any one reservoir
The Ocean is the smallest.
The hypsographic curve indicates that only ______ percent of Earth's surface is above sea level.
The energy that is released when an earthquake occurs travels though Earth in the form of vibrations known as seismic .
Rank Earth's layers by their average densities. Place the least dense on top.
The Earth can be modeled with 5 layers based on the strengths and physical properties of the materials in them. Put the layers in order with the outermost surface of the Earth on top. The two layers of the core have been lumped together here.
1. Lithosphere2. Asthenosphere3. Mesosphere
4. Core
The principle of describes the balance of forces between internal pressures in the lithosphere and mantle. It allows for the less dense continental material to float on the denser mantle.
Seismic waves travel though Earth. The waves form when ______.
A convection cell in the mantle is the ______.
pattern of movement mantle material takes as it heats and cools
The point within Earth where an earthquake occurs is called the , and the point on Earth's surface directly above this location is called the .
Select the correct order of layers from the middle of Earth outward as modeled by the strengths and physical properties of their materials.
inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, and lithosphere
Select the statement that best describes the distribution of earthquake depths.
shallow earthquakes are common around spreading centers and under continental crust, and deep earthquakes generally occur in subduction zones.
The balance of forces between internal pressures under continents and those under ocean basins is called ______.
The magnetic field of Earth is ______.
not constant.The locations of the north and south magnetic poles change over time as does their strength
The age of the sea floor ______ away from the ocean spreading centers.
The theory of incorporates the ideas of both seafloor spreading and continental drift into a unified model.
The difference between an earthquake's epicenter and hypocenter [focus] is an epicenter is the point ______.
on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake, and the hypocenter is the point within Earth where the earthquake occurs
Earthquakes that occur deeper than 100 km are generally found ______.
Convergent plate boundaries are where tectonic plates move one another; plate boundaries are where the plates slide past each other; divergent plate boundaries are where plates move away from each other. [Use only one word per blank.]
True or false: The position of the north and south magnetic poles is constant over human time scales.
New oceanic crust is created at some ______ boundaries, as the plates move in opposite directions.
The youngest sea floor can be found ______.
Divergent boundaries are broken into sections and connected by boundaries; these are the areas where the new crusts slide past one another.
Select the two ideas below that plate tectonics incorporates and builds upon.
- continental drift
- seafloor spreading
Tectonic plates move toward each other at boundaries. [Use only one word in the blank.]
The characteristics listed below apply either to active or passive margins. Select all the characteristics of active margins.
- ocean trenches possible- modified by tectonic movement and volcanoes
- represents a plate boundary
boundaries in marine settings create new sea floor at the centers.
A major difference between the ridge-push, slab-pull model and the convection model is the ridge-push, slab-pull model ______.
includes the decrease in elevation from the ridge to the rest of the plate as a factor
Transform boundaries occur where two tectonic plates past each other. This motion does not always occur freely, and thus faults are formed.
At convergent plate boundaries, the tectonic plates are moving toward each other. What happens at these boundaries depends heavily on the ______ of each plate.
Hotspot volcanoes are likely the result of ______.
rising magma from the mantle
The difference between an earthquake's epicenter and hypocenter [focus] is an epicenter is the point ______.
on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake, and the hypocenter is the point within Earth where the earthquake occurs
The relatively calm trailing edge of continents are called ______ margins, while the leading edge of continents are called ______ margins.
The two major models for a mechanism to drive plate tectonics are the ridge-push, slab-pull and the convection models. The convection model relies on ______ between the top of the convecting cell and the base of the lithospheric plate, and the push/pull m
The repeated opening and closing of ocean basins and the associated formation and breakup of supercontinents is known as the cycle.
The difference between the full and half spreading rates is the half spreading rate is the rate at which ______.
one plate moves away from the ridge, whereas the full spreading rate is the rate at which two plates move away from each other
______ result in volcanic activity that may operate independently of plate boundaries. These volcanoes can form anywhere on a tectonic plate.
Measurements of ocean depth have occurred using various techniques for over 2000 years. These measurements are called .
Physical weathering of the ocean floor occurs primarily ______, whereas dissolution of minerals dominates chemical weathering.
The mid-ocean and systems are the most notable features of the ocean floor.
A sounding is a measurement of ______.
The thickest deposits of ocean sediment are generally found near ______.
Which of the following describe weathering of the sea floor? [Choose all that apply.]
Weathering is more rapid along coastlines.
Weathering occurs more slowly than on land.
Where the continent-land transition is not a plate boundary
Where the continent-land transition is a plate boundary
The submerged flat borders of the continent that slope very gently away from the shoreline
Identify the ways in which ocean sediments can be used as direct evidence in solving different type of issues. [Select all that apply.]
-to find offshore mineral resources-to map offshore pollution patterns
-to identify sites for underwater construction projects
The abyssal plain, or flat portion, of the sea floor is littered with hills and mountains, many of which are volcanic in origin. Which of the following are the names of some of these features? [Select all that apply.]
Abyssal hillsGuyots
Seamounts
What features of the ocean floor are over 40,000 miles [65,000 kilometers] long and are found running through every ocean?
Marine sediments are classified according to grain , geographic location, and origin and composition.
The deep-sea floor receives a ______ supply of sediment.
Put the following sediments in the correct order according to size, with the largest particle type on the top and the smallest on the bottom.
BoulderPebbleSandSilt
Clay
The thickness, composition, distribution, and source of ______ provide oceanographers with valuable information on how Earth functions over long time scales.
In which location are most neritic sediments found?
Marine sediments are classified using which of the following three characteristics?
Geographical locationOrigin and composition
Size
Lithogenous sediments, those that are derived from preexisting rocks, are often also described as terrigenous, meaning that they are derived from ______.
Sediment smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter cannot be seen unaided and is called . Sediment between 0.0625 and 2 mm in diameter generally is known as , and grains larger than 2 mm are called .
sediments are derived from organisms.
Which of the following describe neritic sediments? [Choose all that apply.]
-transported by rivers to the ocean-originate from rocks on land
-found near continental margins
What happens to the majority of terrigenous sediments deposited on the continental margins?
They are moved seaward and down continental slopes by waves, currents, and turbidity flows.
To classify sediments as lithogenous means that they are derived from ______.
What physical processes are involved in the process of lithification [i.e., turning sediment into rock]? [Choose all that apply.]
burial, compaction, cementation
Which of the following are sources of lithogenous particles in the ocean? [Choose all that apply.]
-rocks transported by icebergs-ash from volcanic islands-windblown dust
Match the sampling device with the description of how it is used to obtain ocean sediment.
Dredge - a net or basket dragged across the sea floorGrab sampler - hinged devise that obtains a sample from a specific location on the sea floor
Corer - long barrel that obtains continuous and undisturbed sediment layers
Biogenous sediments are derived from ______.
The study of ocean basin history through the analysis of sediments is called .
What percent of marine sediment is terrigenous?
Seabed resource exploitation ______.
extends back to the time of ancient Greek civilizations
Which of the following correctly describe sand and gravel resources found on the sea floor? [Choose all that apply.]
Sand is mined as a source of metals.
Sand and gravel is mostly mined for use in construction.
What is the name of the process through which loose sediments on the sea floor are transformed into sedimentary rock?
______ is a seabed resource used to produce fertilizers.
A person who studies the sediments of the oceans to recreate geologic history works in a field of study called ______.
Which of the following represent the highest valued resources extracted from the sea floor or below?
True or false: Seabed resources have only recently been exploited [beginning in the mid-1900s] because their mining required modern technological devices.
What resource is the most commonly sought after [in terms of volume] on the sea floor?
Phosphorite is a seabed resource used ______.
Solid, icelike structures composed primarily of methane
Manganese nodules on the sea floor are a possible resource of many desirable metal resources. Where are these nodules found?
Scattered in many different types of locations, including across the world's deep ocean floors
______ minerals are formed on the ocean floor when hot seawater laden with minerals pours out from rifts and hits the cold ocean water, quickly precipitating the metals.
Gas are solid, icelike structures composed primarily of methane that are formed in high-pressure locations such as the deep-ocean floor.
Manganese nodules are considered a valuable resource from the ocean floor because they are abundant and contain not only manganese but also ______. [Select all that apply.]
What is the primary reason why sulfide mineral deposits on the ocean floor are not being mined?
No technology exists to retrieve them.
The average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a substance is measured by ______.
Water changes states because heat is ______.
The temperature where water vapor condenses to liquid by cooling is the ______.
Water molecules are made of hydrogen atom[s] and oxygen atom[s]. [Use only one number per blank.]
Sublimation is when ice turns into a .
is the measure of the average velocity of the atoms or molecules in a substance.
heat is the measure of the ability of a substance to take in or give up heat.
When water changes state, ______ is either lost or gained.
Surface tension of water is created by , which is the attraction of water molecules to each other.
When water vapor is cooled to its point, the water vapor condenses to a liquid.
The mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water is 1 gram, which is the ______ of water.
The energy needed to change liquid to water vapor is the latent heat of __________.
______ is when ice changes directly into gas.
Water is nearly incompressible, meaning that the increase in with increasing depth has little effect in decreasing the water's volume.
It takes a substantial amount of energy to change the temperature of water because water has a relatively high ________ heat.
Water molecules come closer together with an in temperature, and density increases.
Cohesion and surface tension are physical properties found in water molecules that are formed from the _______ bonds found in water.
Which is higher, the density of pure water or the density of seawater?
How compressible is water?
It is nearly incompressible.
Which of the following are forms of energy that may be transmitted by fresh water and salt water? [Select all that apply.]
Which has a higher density - warm or cold water?
This figure shows us that ______.
when comparing the density of salt water to freshwater, you need to consider the temperature too
Match the three ways energy may be transmitted.
Conduction - Energy is passed from molecule to adjacent molecule.Convection - Heated fluid moves and carries heat to a new location.
Radiation - Heat is directly transmitted from its source.
The ______ includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, and radio waves.
Which one of the following is not a form of energy transmitted by fresh water and salt water?
As light passes through water, it is absorbed by organisms and both absorbed and by ions, suspended particles, and water molecules.
Which of the following statements correctly describe light refraction in water? [Choose all that apply.]
Light is bent as it moves from air to water due to a change in the speed of light.
Light refraction causes an object to appear in a different location than it really is.
Sound travels [and farther] in water than it does in air.
Earth receives electromagnetic radiation from the Sun, such as when light strikes the ocean surface. However, the full range of radiation is in ______.
the electromagnetic spectrum
Modern ships use echo sounders to measure the of beneath the ship. [Use only one word per blank.]
The decrease in the intensity of light over distance, such as with increasing depth in water, is known as ______.
The average velocity of sound in seawater is ______ m/s as opposed to 334 m/s in dry air at 20�C.
Large numbers of small organisms move collectively to the ocean's surface during the night and sink during the day. Their movements can be detected by depth recorders, and this layer of organisms is known as the ______ layer.
Modern ocean-going vessels use ______ to measure the depth of water beneath the ship.
Sonar is a technology that uses ______ to measure distance and direction of a target underwater.
The movements of ______ can be detected by depth recorders, and this layer is known as the deep scattering layer.
large numbers of small organisms
Humans have emulated whales and porpoises by using sound to locate objects underwater; this technology is called .
Match the term to its correct definition.
ion: charged atom or moleculecation: positively charged atom or molecule
anion: negatively charged atom or molecule
Dissolved constituent concentrations in water are expressed in terms of , , and molarity.
About ______ percent of the weight of seawater is dissolved salts.
Rank the major constituents of seawater according to their abundance by weight, with the highest weight at the top and the lowest weight at the bottom.
Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium.
Match the type of ocean salt ion its original source.
cations: Earth's crust
anions: earth's mantle
A charged atom, group of atoms, or molecules is called a[n] . Positively charged examples are called and negatively charged examples are .
The ______ of the oceans has remained relatively constant over time because the input of salts is equal to the output.
A way in which dissolved constituent concentration in water is expressed with its scientific unit.
-weight
A way in which dissolved constituent concentration in water is expressed with its scientific unit.
-molar terms
What is the name given to the mean time that a substance remains in the ocean before moving on to another part of the hydrologic cycle?
The ocean contains an average of 35 parts per thousand dissolved salt; this is the ocean's ______.
Which of the following are one of the six major constituents of seawater? [Select all that apply.]
sulfatechloridepotassiumsodiummagnesium
calcium
The relative ratios of major seawater constituents ______.
remain the same, regardless of depth or geographic location
The cations found in seawater originally came from ______, whereas the anions originated from ______.
Earth's crust; Earth's mantle
In order for the salinity of the oceans to have remained the same over the past 1.5 billion years, the input of salts into the ocean needs to equal ______.
You use a salinometer to measure the salinity of two water samples, and the results show that Sample A has a higher conductivity than Sample B. Can you assume that Sample A has a higher salinity?
Yes, because the more ions in the form of dissolved salts available, the more conductive the liquid.
The average time a substance remains in the ocean [or any specific part of the hydrologic cycle] is called its time.
Rank the gases present in the ocean according to their abundance [percent by volume], with the most abundant on top.
Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
Marine plants undergoing photosynthesis produce and release ______ into seawater.
The relative ______ of major seawater constituents remain the same for different geographic locations and water depths.
Marine plants undergo photosynthesis in the lighted portion of the ocean called the ______ zone.
A salinometer measures the salinity of ocean water by measuring ______.
The most abundant dissolved gases present in the ocean are , , and carbon dioxide.
Marine plants take up carbon dioxide from seawater in order to . [Use only one word per blank.]
The zone is shallow in coastal waters but may extend to 200 meters in the open ocean where there are fewer suspended particles and sunlight can reach greater depths.
Photosynthesis in the ocean results in the addition of CO2 into intermediate and deep-ocean water when organisms sink and decay through a process called the pump.
Approximately 300 million metric tons of excess oxygen are produced each year by photosynthetic marine organisms. Where does this excess oxygen go? [Select all that apply.]
- It is incorporated into sediments and then eventually formed into rocks
- It is consumed by bacteria
Organisms undergoing respiration remove ______ from seawater and produce and release carbon dioxide.
By measuring the pH of seawater, one can indirectly determine the water's ______ concentration.
The process by which CO2 [and then carbon] is added to intermediate and deep-ocean water and the ocean bottom, through the involvement of photosynthetic organisms, is called the ______.
Water solutions contain ______.
both H2O molecules and H+ and OH- ions
What happens to the approximately 300 million metric tons of excess oxygen produced each year by photosynthetic marine organisms?
It is incorporated into sediments and then eventually formed into rocks.
How are concentrations of oxygen in seawater measured directly?
By using a probe that sends electronic signals back to a receiver on a ship or buoy
A substance that acts to prevent the sudden change of pH in a solution is called a[n] .
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased over the last 150 years primarily due to ______.
the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
Nitrogen, , and silicate are important to different forms of marine life for growth, as they act like the fertilizers of the ocean. These ions are present in very low concentrations in seawater.
What happens to the organic substances present in seawater? [Choose all that apply.]
- They are used by organisms- They accumulate in sediments
- They are broken down into smaller particles
A substance that prevents drastic changes in the pH of a solution
In warm climates, salt in seawater is concentrated using evaporation and then extracted for use. How is salt recovered in cold climates?
By allowing the water to freeze and then collecting the leftover brine
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have ______ over the past 150 years.
Creating fresh water from salt water
Select the three important nutrients needed for the growth of marine life [i.e., plants, phytoplankton, and diatoms].
-Nitrogen-Phosphorus
-Silicate
Match the term to the correct description.
Osmosis - The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis - The forcing of water movement through a semipermeable membrane using pressure
The ______ present in seawater include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
What process is used to concentrate the salt content of seawater in order to extract halite for use as table salt?
Evaporation in shallow ponds
What is the general name of the process used to obtain fresh water from salt water?
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, whereas osmosis uses pressure to force the movement of water across a membrane.
The vast majority of energy used to heat the oceans and atmosphere initially comes from ______.
The solar constant of 2 calories per square centimeter per minute is the value of the ______.
intensity of the solar radiation received on a surface at right angles to the Sun, assuming Earth has no atmosphere
The long-term gains and losses in heat must be balanced for Earth to have a relatively stable long-term mean surface temperature. These gains and losses are tallied in a[n] ______ budget.
The amount of daylight and the angle the Sun's rays strike Earth vary with ______ because the ______ of Earth's tilt with respect to the solar plane changes during the course of a year.
The is the initial source of energy that heats the atmosphere and the oceans. [Use only one word in the blank.]
The surface temperatures on land vary more over the course of a year than the surface temperatures on the ocean because land has a ______ than the ocean does.
If you assume Earth has no atmosphere, the intensity of the solar radiation available on a surface at right angles to the Sun's rays is 2 calories per square centimeter per minute. This value is known as the ______.
represents the gains and losses of heat from Earth and the atmosphere to space
The processes involved in the heat budget vary with ______.
Pancake ice results when ______.
sheets of new sea ice are broken into small rounded pieces
The annual variation in the amount of solar radiation received varies with latitude because the ______.
direction of Earth's tilt changes with respect to the Sun during the year
massive and irregular-shaped ice floats that have broken off glaciers
Since the land has a lower relative heat capacity as compared to the ocean, the land tends to ______.
experience a greater daily range of temperatures
True or false: The atmosphere primarily heats from above because it is closer to the Sun.
Rank the layers of the atmosphere according to their height above Earth's surface, placing the layer closest to Earth at the bottom.
-Thermosphere-Mesosphere-Stratosphere
-Troposphere
Sheets of new sea ice that are broken into small roundish pieces are called ______.
Massive, irregularly shaped sea ice masses that are formed by glaciers breaking apart are called .
The atmosphere is primarily heated ______.
from below as Earth radiates heat upward
The three short-term, active reservoirs for carbon dioxide are ______. [Select all three.]
the atmosphereterrestrial systems
the oceans
Match the layer of Earth's atmosphere to its description.
Troposphere - The lowest layer; air temperatures drop with increasing altitudeStratosphere - Contains most of the ozone; air temperatures increase with increasing altitude
Mesosphere - Located above the stratopause; air temperatures drop with increasing
Carbon dioxide allows incoming long-wave solar radiation to pass downward but traps some of the longer-wave infrared radiation given off by Earth. This allows Earth to be warmer than it otherwise would be and is called the effect. [Use only one word per b
There is a natural annual increase and decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the Northern Hemisphere because ______.
plants absorb carbon dioxide in the spring and summer as they grow and release it in fall and winter as plant material decays
Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been an increase in the levels of ______ in the atmosphere.
Rank the following variable gases in terms of their relative volume amounts in the atmosphere. Place the most common gas at the top.
-water vapor-carbon dioxide-methane
-nitrous oxide
In addition to terrestrial ecosystems, the two active reservoirs of carbon dioxide are the and the .
The natural destruction of ozone over Antarctica occurs when ______.
temperatures drop low enough for clouds to form between 10 and 30 km up in the atmosphere
Identify the two key components of the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases allow incoming short-wave radiation to pass through.
Greenhouse gases absorb some of the outgoing longer-wave radiation from Earth.
When air warms in one area, rises and moves horizontally as wind to another location, and then cools and descends, moving horizontally as wind back toward the original area, the pattern of circulation is called a ______ cell.
The annual growth and decay of plant material accounts for a large portion of the annual variation in ______ levels in the atmosphere.
The rise in carbon dioxide levels has been attributed to humans and really picked up its pace with the start of the ______.
The force a column of overlying air exerts on an area of Earth's surface is called ______.
Chemical reactions leading to the yearly destruction of ozone occur when clouds form over Antarctica due to ______.
a drop in air temperatures
The Coriolis effect describes the ______.
apparent deflection from straight-line movement of air and water masses
A convection cell is one in which air is ______.
warmed at one location and cooled at another
An air mass warmed near the equator ______ and travels aloft until it reaches about 30 degrees latitude, when it sinks because it has cooled enough. The air mass then moves either north or south where it rises again at the equator or at ______ degrees of
Atmospheric pressure is the force ______.
with which a column of overlying air presses on an area of Earth's surface
We understand the movement of Earth's wind patterns by studying a model of Earth completely covered in water. The real Earth has an ______ which displaces the wind bands in the previous model.We understand the movement of Earth's wind patterns by studying
uneven distribution of land and water
True or false: Winds are named for the direction from which they blow.
The difference in heat capacity between the land and oceans leads to low-pressure systems forming over the land in the and over the in winter.
Moving air and water masses appear to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. This apparent deflection is called the ______.
Monsoons form over the west coast of India ______.
during the summer when a low-pressure system forms over the land, pulling in warm moist air from the ocean
Each hemisphere of Earth has ______ convection cells. These cells each cover about 30 degrees of latitude with air rising at the equator and at ______ degrees latitude and sinking at the poles and at 30 degrees of latitude.
In regard to wind band modification, what factors require consideration when moving from the rotating, water-covered model of Earth to the real Earth? [Select all that apply.]
- seasonal changes in surface temps due to solar heating- addition of large continental land blocks
- the difference in heat capacity of land and water
Air moving up one side of a large mountain [the windward side] will cool and drop precipitation because colder air can hold less moisture than warmer air. This can result in the formation of a ______.
rain shadow on the leeward [downwind] side as the air mass has lost most of its moisture on the windward side
In the middle latitudes, low-pressure systems are located over the during the summer as the surface heats quickly. However, in the winter, the high-pressure systems tend to form there as the air is cooler and sinks.
Large and intense atmospheric storms born over tropical ocean waters in the Atlantic are known as ______.
A storm surge results when a ______-pressure system causes a rise in the sea's surface and from the storm winds driving ______ toward the center of the storm.
A rain shadow can form on the leeward [sheltered] side of mountains because the ______.
air drops its moisture on the windward side as the air moves up over the mountains and cools and loses precipitation in the process
An El Ni�o is a period of ______.
anomalous climatic conditions centered in the tropical Pacific
The Southern Oscillation is the ______.
periodic reversal of high- and low-pressure systems on either side of the tropical Pacific Ocean
A hurricane is a _______, intense, atmospheric storm that is born over ______.
The acronym ENSO represents the combined events of El Ni�o and the ______.
The maximum sea-surface elevation occurs in the middle of low-pressure systems such as hurricanes. This hill or mound of water is called a[n] surge.
True or false: The weather-related effects of ENSO events are limited to the Southern Hemisphere, where the pressure systems reverse.
The anomalous climatic conditions that occur on average every three to seven years and last for about a year in the tropical Pacific are called ______.
Periods of colder-than-normal ocean surface water temperatures off the coast of Peru are called ______ events.
The periodic reversals of the high- and low-pressure systems in the tropical Pacific are called the ______.
The related events of El Ni�o and the Southern Oscillation are known as ______.
Identify the general weather patterns that result from ENSO events. [Select all that apply.]
-Wetter-than-normal rainfall in the eastern United States and in normally dry regions of Peru
-Warmer-than-normal winters in the northern United States and Canada