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From: Qualitative Approaches to the Study of the Sense of Coherence

# Reference Methods Country Sample Comments
1 Aho, A. C., Hultsjö, S., & Hjelm, K. (2015). Young adults’ experiences of living with recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy from a salutogenic orientation: An interview study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(22), 2083–2091. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.998782 Semi-structured interviews Sweden 14 participants  
2 Ali, M. A., Zengaro, F., & Zengaro, S. A. (2018). Spirituality and sense of coherence in Muslim students: A mixed methods study. Journal of Research Initiatives, 3(3), Article 2. Mixed methods: SOC questionnaires + four open-ended questions USA 53 Muslim students in Tennessee universities Qualitative data explains diverse relationships among quantitative variables
3 Bergland, A., & Slettebø, Å. (2015). Health capital in everyday life of the oldest old living in their own homes. Ageing & Society, 35(10), 2156–2175. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14000877 Interviews, followed by a semi-structured guide focusing on SOC scale Norway Ten women, 90+ years old  
4 Cilliers, F. (2011) Individual diversity management and salutogenic functioning, International Review of Psychiatry, 23:6, 501–507. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.637911 Mixed methods: questionnaires + sequential question for each of the three components of SOC South Africa 33 senior financial managers  
5 Dunleavy, A., Kennedy, L. A., & Vaandrager, L. (2014). Wellbeing for homeless people: a Salutogenic approach. Health Promotion International, 29(1), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das045 Open-ended interviews England Nine homeless people  
6 Engeli, L., Moergeli, H., Binder, M., Drabe, N., Meier, C., Buechi, S., Dummer, R., & Jenewein, J. (2016). Resilience in patients and spouses faced with malignant melanoma. A qualitative longitudinal study. European Journal of Cancer Care, 25(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12220 In-depth interviews Switzerland Eight melanoma patients and their partners  
7 Ferguson, S., & Davis, D. (2019). ‘I’m having a baby not a labour’: Sense of coherence and women’s attitudes towards labour and birth. Midwifery, 79, 102,529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.102529 Longitudinal design. Two open-ended questions Australia 753 women who gave birth Women were sorted into two groups: high and low SOC (based on a former study)
8 Griffiths, C. A., Ryan, P., & Foster, J. H. (2011). Thematic analysis of Antonovsky’s sense of coherence theory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00838.x Mixed methods: face-to-face digitally recorded interviews + open-ended, semi-structured questionnaires UK 20 mental illness service users  
9 Huss, E., Braun-Lewensohn, O., & Ganayiem, H. (2018). Using art-based research to access sense of coherence in marginalised indigenous Bedouin youth. International Journal of Psychology: Journal International De Psychologie, 53 Suppl 2, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12547 Drawings, art-based methods Israel 80 drawings of Bedouin youths  
10 Huss, E., & Samson, T. (2018). Drawing on the arts to enhance salutogenic coping with health-related stress and loss. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01612 Art as main methodology to express SOC. Action-based activity Israel Support training group for women dealing with and recovering from cancer Participants were asked to present something that was causing stress, and the group helped to think of meaningfulness, manageability, and comprehensibility components that could help to cope with the stressor
11 Kier, A. Ø, Midtgaard, J., Hougaard, K. S., Berggreen, A., Bukh, G., Hansen, R. B., & Dreyer, L. (2016). How do women with lupus manage fatigue? A focus group study. Clinical Rheumatology, 35(8), 1957–1965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3307-9 Semi-structured interviews in focus groups Denmark 27 women with lupus in four focus groups  
12 Lillekroken, D., Hauge, S., & Slettebø, Å. (2015a). Enabling resources in people with dementia: A qualitative study about nurses’ strategies that may support a sense of coherence in people with dementia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(21–22), 3129–3137. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12945 Mixed methods: observations + focus group semi-structured interviews Norway 16 nurses in two nursing homes with dementia care unit  
13 Lillekroken, D., Hauge, S., & Slettebø, Å. (2015b). ‘Saluting’ perceived sense of coherence in people with dementia by nurses. Journal of Public Mental Health, 14(3), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-10-2014-0042 Mixed methods: observations + focus group semi-structured interviews Norway 16 nurses in two nursing homes with dementia care unit  
14 Lillekroken, D., Hauge, S., & Slettebø, Å. (2017). The meaning of slow nursing in dementia care. Dementia (London, England), 16(7), 930–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301215625112 Mixed methods: observations + focus group semi-structured interviews Norway 16 nurses in two nursing homes with dementia care unit  
15 Loeppenthin, K., Esbensen, B., Ostergaard, M., Jennum, P., Thomsen, T., & Midtgaard, J. (2014). Physical activity maintenance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A qualitative study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 28(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215513501526 In-depth, semi-structured interviews Denmark 16 participants with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis  
16 Løndal, K. (2010). Children’s lived experience and their sense of coherence: Bodily play in a Norwegian after-school programme. Child Care in Practice, 16(4), 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2010.498414 Mixed methods: observations + interviews Norway Observations with 36 children (8–9 years old); interviews with nine children  
17 Löyttyniemi, V., Virtanen, P., & Rantalaiho, L. (2004). Work and family as constituents of sense of coherence. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 924–941. Mixed methods:
SOC questionnaires + interviews
Finland 30 medical students  
18 Luegmair, K., Zenzmaier, C., Oblasser, C., & König-Bachmann, M. (2018). Women’s satisfaction with care at the birthplace in Austria: Evaluation of the Babies Born Better survey national dataset. Midwifery, 59, 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.01.003 Three open-ended questions regarding three components of SOC Austria 539 women (mean age 31.6) who gave birth within 5 years prior to the survey  
19 Maass, R., Lindström, B., & Lillefjell, M. (2017). Neighborhood-resources for the development of a strong SOC and the importance of understanding why and how resources work: A grounded theory approach. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 704. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4705-x Mixed methods: focus groups + in-depth interviews Norway About 15 participants in three focus groups; general population  
20 Mayer, C., Surtee, S., & Barnard, A. (2015). Women leaders in higher education: A psycho-spiritual perspective. South African Journal of Psychology, 45(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246314548869 Semi-structured interviews South Africa 28 women working in higher education resource services  
21 Midtgaard, J., Røssell, K., Christensen, J. F., Uth, J., Adamsen, L., & Rørth, M. (2012). Demonstration and manifestation of self-determination and illness resistance--a qualitative study of long-term maintenance of physical activity in posttreatment cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 20(9), 1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-011-1304-8 Longitudinal study. Interviews followed by qualitative semi-structured focus groups Denmark 23 cancer survivors  
22 Milberg, A., & Strang, P. (2003). Meaningfulness in palliative home care: An interview study of dying cancer patients’ next of kin. Palliative and Supportive Care, 1, 171–180 1–3 open-ended interviews Sweden 19 adults, next of kin of cancer patients Only meaningfulness was examined and discussed
23 Ozanne, A., Graneheim, U., Persson, L., & Strang, S. (2012). Factors that facilitate and hinder the manageability of living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in both patients and next of kin. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1364. Individual semi-structured interviews Sweden 14 patients with ALS (age 42–80) and 13 next-of-kin (age 38–87) Only manageability was examined and discussed
24 Ozanne, A. O., Graneheim, U. H., & Strang, S. (2013). Finding meaning despite anxiety over life and death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(15–16), 2141–2149. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12071 Individual semi-structured interviews Sweden 14 patients with probable or definite ALS (age 42–80) Only meaningfulness was examined and discussed
25 Ozanne, A. O., Graneheim, U. H., & Strang, S. (2015). Struggling to find meaning in life among spouses of people with ALS. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(4), 909–916. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951514000625 Individual semi-structured interviews Sweden 13 spouses (age 38–87) of patients with ALS Only meaningfulness was examined and discussed
26 Ozanne, A., & Graneheim, U. H. (2018). Understanding the incomprehensible - patients’ and spouses’ experiences of comprehensibility before, at and after diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32(2), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12492 Semi-structured interviews Sweden 14 patients with ALS (age 42–80) and 13 spouses (age 38–87) Only comprehensibility was examined and discussed
27 Palm, K., & Eriksson, A. (2018). Understanding salutogenic approaches to managing intensive work: Experiences from three Swedish companies. Work (Reading, Mass.), 61(4), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182830 Open-ended interviews Sweden 34 employees from three different companies