Cara menggunakan css parent child relationship

CSS3 does not have parents selectors. If CSS4 released then there is a proposed CSS4 selector, $, which will be like selecting the li element.

• However, as of now, this code can’t be used in any of the browsers.

ul $li ul.sub { ... }

• In the meantime, we’ll have to use JavaScript if we need to select a parent element.

$('ul li:has(ul.child)').addClass('has_child');

CSS is the foundation of webpages, is used for webpage development by styling websites and web apps.You can learn CSS from the ground up by following this CSS Tutorial and CSS Examples.

A child theme allows you to change small aspects of your site’s appearance yet still preserve your theme’s look and functionality. To understand how child themes work it is first important to understand the relationship between parent and child themes.

A parent theme is a complete theme which includes all of the and assets for the theme to work. All themes – excluding child themes – are considered parent themes.

As indicated in the overview, a child theme inherits the look and feel of the parent theme and all of its functions, but can be used to make modifications to any part of the theme. In this way, customizations are kept separate from the parent theme’s files. Using a child theme lets you upgrade the parent theme without affecting the customizations you’ve made to your site.

Child themes:

• make your modifications portable and replicable;
• keep customization separate from parent theme functions;
• allow parent themes to be updated without destroying your modifications;
• allow you to take advantage of the effort and testing put into parent theme;
• save on development time since you are not recreating the wheel; and
• are a great way to start learning about theme development.

Note: If you are making extensive customizations – beyond styles and a few theme files – creating a parent theme might be a better option than a child theme. Creating a parent theme allows you to avoid issues with deprecated code in the future. This needs to be decided on a case-by-case basis.

First, create a new folder in your themes directory, located at

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

1.

The directory needs a name. It’s best practice to give a child theme the same name as the parent, but with

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

2 appended to the end. For example, if you were making a child theme of

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

3, then the directory would be named

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

4.

Next, you’ll need to create a stylesheet file named

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5, which will contain all of the CSS rules and declarations that control the look of your theme. Your stylesheet must contain the below required header comment at the very top of the file. This tells WordPress basic info about the theme, including the fact that it is a child theme with a particular parent.

/*
Theme Name:   Twenty Fifteen Child
Theme URI:    http://example.com/twenty-fifteen-child/
Description:  Twenty Fifteen Child Theme
Author:       John Doe
Author URI:   http://example.com
Template:     twentyfifteen
Version:      1.0.0
License:      GNU General Public License v2 or later
License URI:  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html
Tags:         light, dark, two-columns, right-sidebar, responsive-layout, accessibility-ready
Text Domain:  twentyfifteenchild
*/

The following information is required:

• Theme Name – needs to be unique to your theme
• Template – the name of the parent theme directory. The parent theme in our example is the Twenty Fifteen theme, so the Template will be

  get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
  	);
  }

  3. You may be working with a different theme, so adjust accordingly.

Add remaining information as applicable. The only required child theme file is style.css, but functions.php is necessary to enqueue styles correctly (below).

The final step is to enqueue the parent and child theme stylesheets, if needed.

Note: In the past, the common method was to import the parent theme stylesheet using

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

7 inside

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5. This is no longer the recommended practice, as it increases the amount of time it takes style sheets to load. Plus it is possible for the parent stylesheet to get loaded twice.

The ideal way of enqueuing stylesheets is for the parent theme to load both (parent’s and child’s), but not all themes do this. Therefore, you need to examine the code of the parent theme to see what it does and to get the handle name that the parent theme uses. The handle is the first parameter of

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

9.

There are a few things to keep in mind:

• the child theme is loaded before the parent theme.
• everything is hooked to an action with a priority (default is 10) but the ones with the same priority run in the order they were loaded.
• for each handle, only the first call to

  get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
  	);
  }

  9 is relevant (others ignored).
• the dependency parameter of

  get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
  	);
  }

  9 affects the order of loading.
• without a version number, site visitors will get whatever their browser has cached, instead of the new version.
• using a function to get the theme’s version will return the active theme’s version (child if there is a child).
• the functions named

  parent()->get( 'Version' )
  	);
  	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
  		get_stylesheet_uri(),
  		array( $parenthandle ),
  		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
  	);
  }

  2* look for a child theme first and then the parent.

The recommended way of enqueuing the stylesheets is to add a

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

3 action and use

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

9 in your child theme’s

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5.
If you do not have one, create a

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 in your child theme’s directory. The first line of your child theme’s

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 will be an opening PHP tag (

If the parent theme loads both stylesheets, the child theme does not need to do anything.

If the parent theme loads its style using a function starting with

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

8, such as

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

9 and

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

0, the child theme needs to load just the child styles, using the parent’s handle in the dependency parameter.

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

If the parent theme loads its style using a function starting with

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

2, such as

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

2 and

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

3, the child theme needs to load both parent and child stylesheets. Be sure to use the same handle name as the parent does for the parent styles.

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

Install the child theme as you install any other theme. You can copy the folder to the site using FTP, or create a zip file of the child theme folder, choosing the option to maintain folder structure, and click on Appearance > Themes > Add New to upload the zip file.

Your child theme is now ready for activation. Log in to your site’s Administration Screen, and go to Administration Screen > Appearance > Themes. You should see your child theme listed and ready for activation. (If your WordPress installation is multi-site enabled, then you may need to switch to your network Administration Screen to enable the theme (within the Network Admin Themes Screen tab). You can then switch back to your site-specific WordPress Administration Screen to activate your child theme.)

Note: You may need to re-save your menu from Appearance > Menus and theme options (including background and header images) after activating the child theme.

Other than the

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 file (as noted above), any file you add to your child theme will overwrite the same file in the parent theme.

In most cases, it’s best to create a copy of the template files you want to change from the parent theme, then make your modifications to the copied files, leaving the parent files unchanged. For example, if you wanted to change the code of the parent theme’s

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

5 file, you would copy the file to your child theme folder and customize it there.

Tip: There are several plugins which allow you to detect what specific template is being used on the page at which you are looking.

You can also include files in the child theme that are not included in the parent theme. For instance, you might want to create a more specific template than is found in your parent theme, such as a template for a specific page or category archive (e.g. page-3.php would load for a Page with the ID of 3).

See the Template Hierarchy page for more information about how WordPress determines which template to use.

Unlike

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5, the

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 of a child theme does not override its counterpart from the parent. Instead, it is loaded in addition to the parent’s functions.php. (Specifically, it is loaded right before the parent’s file.)

In that way, the

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 of a child theme provides a smart, trouble-free method of modifying the functionality of a parent theme. Say that you want to add a PHP function to your theme. The fastest way would be to open its

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 file and put the function there. But that’s not smart: The next time your theme is updated, your function will disappear. But there is an alternative way which is the smart way: you can create a child theme, add a

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 file in it, and add your function to that file. The function will do the exact same job from there too, with the advantage that it will not be affected by future updates of the parent theme. Do not copy the full content of functions.php of the parent theme into functions.php in the child theme.

The structure of

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 is simple: An opening PHP tag at the top, and below it, your bits of PHP. In it you can put as many or as few functions as you wish. The example below shows an elementary

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 file that does one simple thing: Adds a favicon link to the head element of HTML pages.

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

Tip: The fact that a child theme’s functions.php is loaded first means that you can make the user functions of your theme pluggable —that is, replaceable by a child theme— by declaring them conditionally.

if ( ! function_exists( 'theme_special_nav' ) ) {
    function theme_special_nav() {
        //  Do something.
    }
}

In that way, a child theme can replace a PHP function of the parent by simply declaring it beforehand.

For more information about what to include in your child theme’s

parent()->get( 'Version' )
	);
	wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
		get_stylesheet_uri(),
		array( $parenthandle ),
		$theme->get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 file, read through the Theme Functions page.

When you need to include files that reside within your child theme’s directory structure, you will need to use get_stylesheet_directory() . Since the

get( 'Version' ) // This only works if you have Version defined in the style header.
	);
}

5 is in the root of your child theme’s subdirectory, get_stylesheet_directory() points to your child theme’s directory (not the parent theme’s directory). To reference the parent theme directory, you would use get_template_directory() instead.

Below is an example illustrating how to use get_stylesheet_directory() when referencing a file stored within the child theme directory:

Meanwhile, this example uses

' . "\n";
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'my_favicon_link' );

3 to display an image that is stored within the

if ( ! function_exists( 'theme_special_nav' ) ) {
    function theme_special_nav() {
        //  Do something.
    }
}

6 folder in the child theme directory.

Unlike

if ( ! function_exists( 'theme_special_nav' ) ) {
    function theme_special_nav() {
        //  Do something.
    }
}

7, which returns a file path,

if ( ! function_exists( 'theme_special_nav' ) ) {
    function theme_special_nav() {
        //  Do something.
    }
}

8 returns a URL, which is useful for front-end assets.

Scripts and styles should each be enqueued with their own function, and then those should be wrapped in an action. For more information, read the page on Including CSS and JavaScript.

WordPress won’t automatically load the stylesheet for your child theme on the front-end. Below is an example of using the

if ( ! function_exists( 'theme_special_nav' ) ) {
    function theme_special_nav() {
        //  Do something.
    }
}

9 action hook to call a function that enqueues the child theme’s stylesheet.

0 will override the formats as defined by the parent theme, not add to it.

To support RTL languages, add a

1 file to your child theme, containing:

/*
Theme Name:   Twenty Fifteen Child
Template:     twentyfifteen
*/

Even if the parent theme does not have an

1 file, it’s recommended to add the

1 file to your child theme. WordPress will auto-load the

1 file only if

5 is true.

Child themes can be prepared for translation into other languages by using the WordPress Internationalization API. There are special considerations regarding internationalization of child themes.

To internationalize a child theme follow these steps:
1. Add a languages directory.

• For example:
  6

2. Add language files.

• Your filenames have to be
  7 &
  8 (depending on your language), unlike plugin files which are
  9.

3. Load a textdomain

4. Use GetText functions to add i18n support for your strings.

0 textdomain.

Here is an example of echoing the phrase “Code is Poetry”:

The text domain defined in

1 should be used to translate all strings in the child theme. In the event that a template file from the parent them has been included, the textdomain should be changed from the one defined in the parent theme to the one defined by the child theme.

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